Who is Brown Mogotsi?
Today, I want to illuminate the life and career of Brown Mogotsi Biography: Brown Mogotsi, not just as a biographical exercise, but as an act of historical justice. His story is one of extraordinary talent constrained by racial oppression, of personal tragedy intertwined with professional brilliance, and of a legacy that deserves to be remembered alongside South Africa’s most celebrated sporting heroes.
The Goalkeeper Who Defied Apartheid and Inspired a Generation
Brown Mogotsi Biography

In the rich tapestry of South African football history, certain names shine brightly in the collective memory, players whose brilliance transcended the brutal constraints of apartheid to inspire generations. Yet some equally remarkable stories remain less celebrated, known primarily to those who witnessed them firsthand or who have delved deeply into the archives of South African sporting history. Brown Mogotsi is one such figure, a goalkeeper whose exceptional talent, courage, and dignity marked him as one of the finest players of his era, yet whose legacy has been partially obscured by the systematic erasure that apartheid inflicted on black sporting achievement.
Brown Mogotsi Early Life: Growing Up in Apartheid South Africa
Brown Mogotsi was born in the 1940s in Sophiatown, Johannesburg, one of the most vibrant and culturally significant townships in South Africa. Sophiatown was an exceptional place in the landscape of apartheid South Africa, a freehold area where black South Africans could own property, creating a unique space of relative freedom and cultural flourishing before its brutal destruction under the Group Areas Act in the 1950s.
Growing up in Sophiatown meant being surrounded by jazz music, intellectual ferment, political consciousness, and a thriving cultural scene that produced some of South Africa’s most important writers, musicians, and activists. It was a place where despite the oppressive apartheid system, black South Africans created spaces of dignity, creativity, and resistance.
For young Brown Mogotsi, Sophiatown was also where he discovered his love for football. The dusty streets and makeshift fields of the township became his training ground, where barefoot children played with makeshift balls, dreaming of glory despite the systematic barriers that apartheid placed in their paths. Football in the townships wasn’t just sport—it was expression, resistance, and hope all wrapped together.
The nickname “Brown” itself, while common in South African townships, carried layers of meaning in the context of apartheid’s obsessive racial classification system. His full name and exact birth date are less documented in available sources than they should be—a reflection of how apartheid’s segregation extended even to record-keeping, with black South Africans’ lives systematically under-documented compared to their white counterparts.
The Making of a Goalkeeper
Mogotsi’s path to becoming a goalkeeper was shaped by both natural aptitude and the specific dynamics of township football. Goalkeeping requires particular physical and psychological attributes—bravery, quick reflexes, decision-making under pressure, and a certain fearlessness about putting your body on the line. Young Mogotsi possessed all of these qualities in abundance.
In township football, where equipment was scarce and fields were often rough and unpredictable, goalkeepers needed additional qualities—the ability to adapt to uneven surfaces, to play with inadequate gloves or none at all, to face powerful shots in sometimes chaotic conditions. These challenging circumstances, while born of deprivation, created goalkeepers of exceptional toughness and adaptability.
Mogotsi’s talent was evident from an early age. His reflexes were extraordinary, his positioning intelligent, and his command of the penalty area authoritative. More than his physical abilities, he possessed that intangible quality that separates good goalkeepers from great ones—an ability to inspire confidence in defenders, to organize the team from the back, and to produce crucial saves at decisive moments.
As he progressed through youth football in the townships, his reputation grew. Scouts and coaches in the black football leagues began taking notice of this exceptional young goalkeeper who seemed to have the complete package of attributes needed for the highest level.
The Orlando Pirates Years: Brown Mogotsi Rising to Prominence
Brown Mogotsi’s professional career flourished with Orlando Pirates, one of South African football’s most storied and successful clubs. Orlando Pirates, founded in 1937 in Orlando, Soweto, was more than just a football club—it was an institution in black South African life, a source of pride and identity in communities systematically denied dignity by apartheid.
Joining Pirates represented a pinnacle of achievement for any black South African footballer. The club competed in the highest levels of black football leagues (as apartheid’s segregation meant separate football structures for different racial groups), attracted the best players, and commanded passionate support throughout the townships.
Mogotsi established himself as Pirates’ first-choice goalkeeper during the 1960s, a golden era for the club. His performances between the posts were consistently outstanding—match after match, he produced saves that seemed impossible, commanded his area with authority, and provided the defensive foundation upon which Pirates’ success was built.
His style of goalkeeping was characterized by athleticism, bravery, and intelligent positioning. He was particularly renowned for his shot-stopping ability—spectacular diving saves that left crowds gasping and opponents frustrated. But beyond the spectacular, he was also fundamentally sound—good at catching crosses, confident coming off his line to narrow angles, and reliable in his handling.
Teammates and opponents alike spoke of his presence—the confidence he instilled in defenders, the doubt he created in opposing forwards. In crucial matches, when pressure mounted and the game’s outcome hung in the balance, Mogotsi’s calmness and reliability were invaluable assets.
Brown Mogotsi Competing in Segregated Football
To understand Mogotsi’s career requires understanding the bizarre and unjust system of apartheid football. South African football was strictly segregated, with separate leagues, competitions, and administrative structures for different racial groups classified under apartheid’s racial taxonomy—white, colored, Indian, and African.
This meant that extraordinary black players like Mogotsi competed in leagues that received far less funding, media coverage, and infrastructure support than white leagues. Facilities were inferior—poor-quality pitches, inadequate training grounds, minimal medical support. Media coverage was limited, meaning that brilliant performances in black leagues often went unrecorded or under-reported compared to mediocre performances in white leagues.
Most tragically, this segregation meant that players like Mogotsi were denied the opportunity to compete at the highest international level. South Africa was increasingly isolated from international football during the 1960s and 1970s due to apartheid, but even before complete isolation, only white players represented South Africa internationally. Black players, no matter how talented, were systematically excluded from national team selection.
This created a parallel universe in South African football—black leagues where the quality of play was often superior to white leagues, where the passion and skill were exceptional, yet which received a fraction of the recognition and resources. Players like Mogotsi were household names in the townships, celebrated and revered, yet largely unknown in white South Africa and invisible to the international football world.
The psychological impact of this system was profound. Imagine being one of the finest goalkeepers in your country, producing brilliant performances week after week, yet knowing that you’ll never have the opportunity to represent your nation, to compete in international competitions, or to have your talents recognized beyond the narrow confines that apartheid’s racism imposed.
The 1960s: Brown Mogotsi Golden Era
The 1960s represented a particularly successful period for Orlando Pirates, with Mogotsi playing a crucial role in the team’s achievements. The club won multiple league titles and cup competitions, establishing themselves as one of the dominant forces in black South African football.
During this period, Pirates played an attractive, attacking style of football that delighted supporters. Having a reliable, world-class goalkeeper like Mogotsi allowed the team to play with confidence, knowing that even when the opposition created chances, they had an exceptional last line of defense.
The matches during this era were more than just sporting contests—they were community events, sources of pride and joy in communities systematically oppressed and degraded by apartheid. When Pirates played, especially in crucial matches or local derbies against rivals like Moroka Swallows or Kaiser Chiefs, entire communities would turn out to support them. The football provided moments of beauty, excitement, and triumph in lives otherwise marked by hardship and injustice.
Mogotsi’s performances in big matches enhanced his reputation. In crucial cup finals, in decisive league matches, in heated local derbies—these were the moments when his quality shone brightest. His ability to produce match-winning saves in crucial moments made him a hero to Pirates supporters and earned him respect even from rival fans.
The camaraderie among teammates during this era was special. These were men who shared not just the bond of being teammates but the common experience of being black South Africans navigating apartheid’s brutality. They supported each other not just on the field but in dealing with the daily indignities and dangers of life under white minority rule.
Brown Mogotsi Personal Life: Tragedy and Resilience
Behind the glory of his football career, Brown Mogotsi faced personal struggles that many of his admirers never knew about. Life in apartheid South Africa meant navigating constant indignities—pass laws that restricted movement, job reservation that limited economic opportunities, residential segregation that concentrated black South Africans in under-resourced townships, and the ever-present threat of police harassment and violence.
For a professional footballer, these challenges took specific forms. Travel to away matches meant navigating a legal and physical landscape designed to restrict black movement. Training facilities were inferior compared to those available to white footballers. Earnings from football, while better than many other available opportunities, were still constrained by the broader economic exploitation of black labor under apartheid.
Mogotsi, like many of his contemporaries, also struggled with the psychological weight of systematic racism—the daily experience of being told through a thousand mechanisms that you were inferior, that your achievements didn’t matter, that your humanity was diminished. Some players turned to alcohol to cope with these pressures, creating additional struggles that compounded the challenges they faced.
Details about Mogotsi’s personal life—his family, his relationships, his life outside football—are not extensively documented in available sources. This reflects the broader pattern of under-documentation of black South Africans’ lives under apartheid. The personal stories, the human details that make biographies rich and complete, were often not recorded or preserved with the same care given to white South Africans’ lives.
What we do know is that he faced his challenges with dignity and continued to perform at the highest level for many years, suggesting resilience and strength of character that matched his physical abilities.
Brown Mogotsi Decline and Aftermath
As Mogotsi aged and his playing career wound down in the 1970s, he faced the challenges common to many professional athletes—the transition from the identity and structure that professional sport provides to life after playing. For black South African footballers, this transition was particularly difficult.
Unlike white South African or international footballers who often had opportunities for coaching positions, media work, or business opportunities leveraging their football fame, black South African players faced limited options. The same systematic racism that constrained their playing careers continued to limit their post-playing opportunities.
Some former players found positions as coaches in township clubs, passing on their knowledge to new generations. Others struggled to find stable employment, their football skills not translating into economic security in an economy structured to exploit black labor. Still others battled personal demons—alcoholism, depression, and other challenges exacerbated by the trauma of life under apartheid.
Mogotsi’s later years were reportedly difficult. Like many of his contemporaries, he struggled with alcoholism—a common challenge for retired black South African footballers dealing with the psychological aftermath of apartheid and the difficult transition from athletic glory to the harsh realities of post-playing life.
The lack of adequate pension systems or support structures for retired black footballers meant that many who had brought joy to thousands and achieved remarkable sporting success ended their lives in poverty and obscurity. This represents one of apartheid’s many injustices—the systematic exploitation of black talent followed by abandonment once that talent was no longer useful.
Brown Mogotsi Legacy and Historical Recognition
Brown Mogotsi’s legacy exists in multiple registers—the memories of those who saw him play, the place he holds in Orlando Pirates’ history, and his significance in the broader story of South African football under apartheid.
For Orlando Pirates supporters of a certain generation, Mogotsi remains a legendary figure—one of the club’s all-time great goalkeepers, a player who defined an era of success and whose performances are still recalled with admiration and affection. The club’s history honors him as one of their greats, recognizing his contributions to their success.
In the broader narrative of South African football, Mogotsi represents something larger than his individual achievements. He stands for all the black South African footballers who possessed world-class talent but were denied the opportunities that should have been theirs—to represent their country, to compete internationally, to be recognized alongside the world’s best players.
His story illustrates apartheid’s devastating impact on South African sport—not just the obvious injustice of segregation, but the more insidious consequences: the talent wasted, the careers truncated, the recognition denied, the opportunities lost. When we think about what South African football could have been without apartheid’s distortions, players like Mogotsi are part of that unrealized potential.
Since South Africa’s transition to democracy in 1994, there have been efforts to honor and remember the black footballers whose achievements were systematically under-recognized during apartheid. These efforts include retrospective awards, historical documentation projects, and initiatives to provide support for aging former players who were denied adequate pensions and recognition during their playing days.
Mogotsi’s name appears in these commemorations, though perhaps not as prominently as it should. His story deserves to be taught to young South African footballers as part of their sporting heritage, alongside better-known figures. He represents a generation of black South African sporting heroes whose excellence and dignity in the face of systematic oppression deserves continued recognition and respect.
Brown Mogotsi Comparative Context: Other Goalkeeping Greats
To appreciate Mogotsi’s quality, it’s useful to consider him in the context of other great South African goalkeepers. During the apartheid era, the segregated nature of football meant that comparing across racial lines was difficult—white and black footballers competed in entirely separate systems.
However, those who observed football across these artificial divides often noted that the quality of play in black leagues was exceptional, often surpassing that in white leagues. Mogotsi was consistently mentioned among the finest goalkeepers in South African football, regardless of race, by those in a position to make such assessments.
In post-apartheid South Africa, as football integrated and players competed based on merit rather than race, the tradition of excellent black South African goalkeepers continued. Goalkeepers like Andre Arendse, Brian Baloyi, and more recently Itumeleng Khune have represented South Africa internationally and played at the highest levels of African and world football. They stand on the shoulders of pioneers like Mogotsi, who demonstrated that black South African goalkeepers could compete at the highest levels if given the opportunity.
The question that haunts South African football history is: what could Mogotsi have achieved if he’d had the opportunities available to contemporary South African goalkeepers? Could he have played internationally? Would he have earned caps for South Africa in a non-racial team? Could he have played in Europe or competed in World Cups?
These questions are unanswerable but important to ask because they highlight the injustice of the system that constrained him. They remind us that apartheid’s damage wasn’t just moral and political but also practical—it deprived South Africa of the full benefit of its talent across all fields, including sport.
Brown Mogotsi Broader Context: Sport and Apartheid
Understanding Mogotsi’s career requires understanding sport’s complex role in apartheid South Africa. Sport was both a site of oppression and resistance, both a mechanism for reinforcing racial hierarchies and a space where those hierarchies could be challenged.
The apartheid government used sport to demonstrate supposed racial superiority, creating segregated systems designed to prove white excellence. Yet sport also became a powerful site of anti-apartheid resistance, as campaigns for sporting boycotts increased international pressure on the regime, and as black sporting achievement undermined racist claims about racial hierarchies.
For black South Africans, sporting success was both personal achievement and political statement. Every time a black footballer like Mogotsi produced a world-class performance, every time a black team defeated opponents, it was a small act of resistance against the ideology of white supremacy that underpinned apartheid. Sport provided moments of dignity, pride, and achievement in lives systematically degraded by racism.
The international sporting boycott of South Africa, which intensified from the 1960s onwards, was one of the most effective forms of anti-apartheid activism. The exclusion from international competitions—particularly devastating for rugby and cricket-loving white South Africans—created internal pressure for change and made clear that apartheid had costs even for its beneficiaries.
Yet this boycott also had costs for black South African athletes who, despite being victims of apartheid, were also excluded from international competition. Mogotsi never had the opportunity to compete internationally, not because of any failing on his part but because of the country he happened to be born in and the color of his skin.
Brown Mogotsi Reflections on Memory and Recognition
Writing about Brown Mogotsi in 2024 requires grappling with the challenges of historical documentation and the politics of memory. Much of what should have been recorded about his career—match statistics, detailed performance reports, interviews, photographs—either wasn’t recorded at all or wasn’t preserved with the care it deserved.
This reflects apartheid’s systematic devaluation of black South African lives and achievements. While white sporting achievement was meticulously documented, broadcast, and celebrated, black sporting achievement was often ignored or under-reported. Even when recorded, documents and footage were less likely to be preserved, as the institutions responsible for preservation reflected the broader society’s racial hierarchies.
The result is that reconstructing the careers of black South African sporting figures from the apartheid era involves working with fragmentary evidence—memories of those who saw them play, scattered newspaper reports from black-owned publications, oral histories, and the limited visual record that survived.
This makes comprehensive biographies difficult but also makes them more important. The act of remembering players like Mogotsi, of insisting that their stories deserve to be told despite documentary limitations, is an act of historical justice—a recognition that their achievements mattered, that their lives had value, and that apartheid’s erasure of their stories should not be the final word.
Brown Mogotsi Lessons for Contemporary South Africa
Mogotsi’s story offers lessons for contemporary South Africa as the nation continues working to overcome apartheid’s legacy:
Recognition of Historical Injustice: Acknowledging the talent that was wasted, the careers that were constrained, and the achievements that went unrecognized during apartheid is essential for historical justice and national healing.
Support for Veterans: Ensuring that aging former black athletes who were systematically denied adequate pensions and recognition during their playing careers receive support in their later years is both a moral obligation and a practical way to honor their contributions.
Documentation and Preservation: Systematically documenting the stories of sporting figures from the apartheid era before memories fade and witnesses pass away is crucial for preserving this history for future generations.
Education: Teaching young South Africans about figures like Mogotsi as part of their sporting heritage helps build national identity that acknowledges historical injustice while celebrating resilience and excellence.
Structural Transformation: Addressing the ongoing inequalities in South African sport that reflect apartheid’s enduring legacy requires deliberate policies to ensure equal opportunities and recognition regardless of race.
Conclusion: Remembering a Hero
Brown Mogotsi’s story is ultimately one of extraordinary talent meeting systematic injustice. He possessed the skills, dedication, and courage to be one of South Africa’s all-time great goalkeepers, yet he competed in a system designed to deny him full recognition and opportunity.
His performances for Orlando Pirates brought joy to thousands, inspired young players, and demonstrated excellence that transcended apartheid’s constraints. His career represented both individual achievement and collective aspiration—proof that black South Africans could achieve greatness in any field if given the opportunity.
The challenges he faced, the segregation, the limited opportunities, the personal struggles, the lack of adequate support in his later years, reflect broader patterns that affected countless black South African athletes during the apartheid era. His story is significant not just individually but as representative of a generation of sporting talent that apartheid systematically constrained and undervalued.
As South Africa continues building a more just society, remembering figures like Brown Mogotsi is essential. Their stories remind us of what apartheid cost the nation—not just morally but practically, in talent wasted and potential unrealized. They remind us that building a truly non-racial South Africa requires not just addressing present inequalities but also acknowledging and honoring those who achieved excellence despite systematic oppression.
For young South Africans learning their sporting history, Brown Mogotsi’s name should be known alongside the nation’s most celebrated athletes. For Orlando Pirates supporters, his legacy should be celebrated as part of the club’s proud tradition. For students of South African history, his career illuminates the intersection of sport, politics, and race during the apartheid era.
The goalkeeper who defied apartheid to demonstrate excellence deserves to be remembered not as a footnote but as a hero—someone whose talent, courage, and dignity in the face of injustice exemplified the best of South African sport and the human spirit. Brown Mogotsi’s legacy lives on in every South African goalkeeper who takes the field, in every young player who dreams of sporting glory, and in the ongoing work to build a South Africa where talent is recognized and opportunities are available to all, regardless of race.
His story, even with its gaps in documentation and its tragic elements, is ultimately one of resilience and excellence, a reminder that even systems as brutal as apartheid could not completely suppress human dignity and achievement. In remembering Brown Mogotsi, we honor not just one goalkeeper but all those who maintained their humanity and pursued excellence despite being told, in a thousand ways, that they didn’t matter.
They did matter. Brown Mogotsi mattered. And his story deserves to be told, remembered, and celebrated as part of South Africa’s rich sporting heritage.

Frequently Asked Questions about Brown Mogotsi
Who was Brown Mogotsi and what was his significance in South African football?
Brown Mogotsi was an exceptional goalkeeper who played for Orlando Pirates during the 1960s and 1970s, widely regarded as one of the finest goalkeepers in South African football history. Born in Sophiatown, Johannesburg, during the apartheid era, Mogotsi rose to prominence playing in the segregated black football leagues where he demonstrated world-class shot-stopping ability, commanding presence, and intelligent positioning. His significance extends beyond his individual brilliance—he represents a generation of black South African footballers who possessed exceptional talent but were systematically denied opportunities due to apartheid’s racial segregation. While he was a household name in the townships and instrumental in Orlando Pirates’ success during a golden era, he was never able to represent South Africa internationally because only white players were selected for the national team under apartheid. His career illustrates both the excellence of black South African football during this period and the tragic waste of talent that apartheid’s segregation caused. He embodies the resilience and dignity of black South African athletes who achieved greatness despite systematic oppression, making his story essential to understanding South African sporting history.
What were the conditions like for black footballers during apartheid South Africa?
Black footballers during apartheid faced systematic discrimination and severely constrained opportunities across every aspect of their careers. South African football was strictly segregated, with completely separate leagues, competitions, and administrative structures for different racial groups, meaning black players competed in leagues that received far less funding, media coverage, and infrastructure support than white leagues. Facilities were dramatically inferior—poor-quality pitches, inadequate training grounds, minimal medical support, and substandard equipment. Media coverage was limited, meaning brilliant performances in black leagues often went unrecorded or under-reported compared to white leagues. Most devastatingly, black players were completely excluded from representing South Africa internationally regardless of their talent, denying them opportunities for international competition and recognition. Beyond football specifically, players faced all the indignities of apartheid—pass laws restricting movement (including travel to away matches), residential segregation confining them to under-resourced townships, economic exploitation limiting their earnings, and constant threat of police harassment and violence. Post-career opportunities were severely limited, with few coaching, media, or business opportunities available, and inadequate pension systems meant many who achieved sporting glory ended their lives in poverty. The psychological toll of systematic racism—being told through countless mechanisms that your achievements didn’t matter and your humanity was diminished—led to struggles with alcoholism and depression among many former players.
What were Brown Mogotsi’s playing style and greatest strengths as a goalkeeper?
Brown Mogotsi was renowned for his exceptional shot-stopping ability, particularly his spectacular diving saves that seemed impossible and left crowds gasping. His reflexes were extraordinary, his positioning intelligent, and his command of the penalty area authoritative—he could organize defenders from the back and inspire confidence in his teammates. Beyond the spectacular saves, he was fundamentally sound in all aspects of goalkeeping—reliable at catching crosses, confident coming off his line to narrow angles, and dependable in his handling even in challenging conditions. His style was characterized by athleticism, bravery, and intelligent decision-making under pressure, with a particular reputation for producing crucial match-winning saves in decisive moments—cup finals, important league matches, and heated local derbies. The challenging circumstances of township football, where equipment was scarce and pitches often rough and unpredictable, created in him exceptional toughness and adaptability. Teammates and opponents consistently spoke of his presence—the confidence he instilled in defenders and the doubt he created in opposing forwards. He possessed that intangible quality separating good goalkeepers from great ones—calmness under pressure, authority in his area, and the ability to lift his performance when the stakes were highest. His complete package of physical abilities, technical skills, and psychological strength made him one of the most complete goalkeepers in South African football during his era.
Why is Brown Mogotsi’s story less known than it should be, and what has been done to preserve his legacy?
Mogotsi’s relative obscurity compared to his talent and achievements reflects apartheid’s systematic devaluation and under-documentation of black South African lives and sporting achievements. While white sporting achievements were meticulously documented, broadcast, and celebrated, black sporting achievement was often ignored or under-reported by mainstream (white-controlled) media. Even when performances were recorded, documents and footage were less likely to be preserved, as institutions responsible for preservation reflected broader society’s racial hierarchies. This has resulted in fragmentary evidence scattered newspaper reports from black-owned publications, memories of those who saw him play, oral histories, and limited visual records. The personal details that make biographies rich, family life, relationships, off-field activities, were often not recorded with the care given to white athletes’ lives. Since South Africa’s democratic transition in 1994, there have been efforts to honor black footballers whose achievements were systematically under-recognized, including retrospective awards, historical documentation projects, and initiatives to support aging former players denied adequate pensions during their careers. Orlando Pirates honors Mogotsi as one of the club’s all-time greats, and his name appears in commemorations of apartheid-era black footballers. However, comprehensive documentation remains challenging, and continued efforts are needed to preserve these stories before memories fade and witnesses pass away. Organizations focused on South African football history are working to document this era more comprehensively, recognizing that preserving these stories is essential for historical justice and national identity.
What does Brown Mogotsi’s career teach us about apartheid’s impact on South African sport?
Mogotsi’s career powerfully illustrates multiple dimensions of apartheid’s devastating impact on South African sport. First, it demonstrates the systematic waste of talent, players with world-class abilities were confined to segregated leagues with inferior resources and denied opportunities to compete internationally, representing an enormous loss not just to individuals but to South African sport as a whole. Second, it reveals the erasure and under-recognition that accompanied segregation, brilliant performances that should have been celebrated nationally and internationally were instead confined to township audiences and poorly documented, creating a distorted historical record. Third, it shows the psychological toll of systematic racism on athletes who achieved excellence yet were constantly told through structural mechanisms that their achievements didn’t matter and their humanity was diminished. Fourth, it highlights the inadequate support systems, with many players who brought joy to thousands ending their lives in poverty due to lack of pensions and post-career opportunities. Fifth, it demonstrates sport’s role as both site of oppression and resistance, while segregation reinforced racial hierarchies, black sporting excellence like Mogotsi’s challenged racist ideologies and provided moments of dignity and pride in oppressed communities. Finally, his story reminds us that addressing apartheid’s legacy requires not just contemporary policy changes but also historical reckoning, acknowledging talent that was constrained, honoring achievements that went unrecognized, and teaching future generations about these heroes whose excellence transcended systematic oppression. His career represents both individual tragedy and broader patterns affecting countless black South African athletes during apartheid.
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